• What is an undescended testicle?
  
• How is it diagnosed?
  
• What are the problems or risks associated with an undescended testicle?
  
• How is it treated?
  
• What does surgery involve?
  
• What are the long term effects?

What is an undescended testicle?

The testicles are formed inside the abdomen, and gradually migrate down. In the last few weeks before the birth of the child, they pass through the abdominal wall muscles and groin to their normal position in the scrotum. Any testis that is not located in the scrotum is ‘undescended’. This condition is fairly common, occurring in 3 to 5% of full-term boys at birth, with a much higher incidence in premature infants. However, the majority of undescended testicles will descend to a normal position within the first three to six months of life. Approximately 0.8 to 1% of full-term boys will continue to have an undescended testis at a year of age, requiring treatment.

There may be several reasons why a testicle is not in the scrotum:

• The testicle may never have formed to begin with
  
• The testicle may have shrunken before birth because of a twist or blockage of its blood vessels.
  
• The testicle may have not descended properly, but remains within the abdominal cavity.
  • In the above conditions, the testicle will not be found on a physical examination, referred to as an “impalpable testicle”
    
• The testicle may have descended incompletely and may be in the groin or between the abdominal muscles (inguinal canal), just above the scrotum.

The undescended testicle has to be differentiated from a “retractile testicle”, where the testicle may be in the groin, but can be brought down into the scrotum during examination. This is due to a protective reflex, when hyperactive muscles temporarily pull the testicle into the groin. However, retractile testicles require no treatment, as they usually stay in the scrotum with the onset of puberty.

How is it diagnosed?

Undescended testicles are usually diagnosed by physical examination. The initial evaluation is done during the newborn period, followed by periodic examination during well child visits. If the testicle is located in the groin and cannot be brought down into the scrotum (undescended testicle), or if it is not found either in the scrotum or in the groin (impalapable testicle), by the age of 6 months to a year, treatment will be recommended.

While the impalpable testis may occasionally be identified on radiological tests such as an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, none of these tests are conclusive enough to be recommended routinely in these situations.

What are the problems or risks associated with an undescended testicle?

The testicles need a slightly cooler environment than the normal body temperature for optimal functioning, especially sperm production. Thus if both testicles are undescended, there may be a risk of infertility, if left untreated. Locations outside of the scrotum may expose the testicle to a higher risk of injury. Undescended testicles are also associated with hernias. In addition, undescended testicles are at a higher risk of developing testicular cancer in adulthood. Testicular cancer, if identified and treated early, has a high cure rate. Early identification is only possible if the testicle is located in the scrotum, and therefore, this is an important reason to treat undescended testicles.

How is it treated?

Recent evidence suggests that most spontaneous descent occurs by age 6 months. Damage to the germ cells, which give rise to sperms later in life, has been noted to occur as early as 12 to 18 months. For these reasons, we recommend treatment around the age of 9 to 12 months. Two main avenues of treatment are available – hormone injections and surgery. Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin or HCG has been used, but reported success rates are low and unpredictable. Surgical treatment or “orchiopexy” is usually done as an outpatient, through a small incision in the groin. Any hernias associated can be corrected at the same time, and the testis is placed in a pouch created under the scrotal skin. With an impalpable testis, a laparoscopic examination is performed, through a keyhole incision in the umbilicus, to identify the presence and location of the testicle. If only a remnant is identified, this can be removed. On the other hand, if the testicle is of a good size, this can be brought down into the scrotum after laparoscopic dissection of the blood vessels to obtain adequate length. Occasionally, this may require a two-stage operation if not enough length is obtained initially.

What does surgery involve?

Surgical treatment is usually an outpatient procedure (laparoscopic or open). All incisions are closed with absorbable sutures. The child may require prescription pain medicine for approximately 48 hours. Older children will need a week off from school and a total of 3 to 4 weeks away from playground and straddling activity.

What are the long term effects?

If treated early, there is a good chance that the affected testicle will develop normally. In some cases, if the testicle is abnormal to begin with, its growth may be affected. But if the other testicle is normal, fertility may not be an issue. The undescended testicle needs to monitored long-term, and these children should be taught testicular self examination, to be performed monthly. If the testicle is absent or was removed due to poor development, a testicular prosthesis is an option. Made of silicone, they are available in different sizes. In order to avoid multiple operations to keep upsizing the prosthesis, we recommend waiting until puberty to determine the size that would be required to match the remaining testis. In some teenagers affected psychologically by the loss of a testis, a testicular prosthesis may help improve their self image.